The State of Tribal Elders

The National Indian Council on Aging (NICOA) grew out of the First National Indian Conference on Aging in 1976. Its board of directors represented Indian tribes and tribal elders from across the country.

In 1978, NICOA successfully advocated for the passage of Title VI of the Older Americans Act (OAA). In 1981, NICOA conducted a national study to determine which age tribal communities consider to be “elderly”. The data resulted in enabling tribes to self-determine the age at which they considered “elderly”; whereas, in the non-Indian world the age was established at 60.

After 43 years, NICOA is still advocating on behalf of the nation’s tribal elders. It is recognized by other national aging organizations as the leading organization representing tribal elders and their needs. The following issues represent the State of Tribal Elders that NICOA is working to minimize, mitigate and ameliorate, but are a fraction of the overall needs.

The Issues:

• Population: According to the Administration for Community Living/Administration on Aging (ACL/AOA), there were almost 600,000 Americans age 65 and over who reported they were American Indian in combination with one or more races in the United States.

Of this population, almost 260,000 reported being American Indian alone and over half (61 percent) reside in 10 states: Oklahoma (31,876), Arizona (25,539), California (23,058), New Mexico (17,983), North Carolina (14,233), Texas (12,406), Washington (9,800), Florida (8,792), New York (7,106), and Michigan (6,561).

It is projected that this population will grow to nearly 650,000 by 2060 — or almost 150 percent. This is the highest growth rate among all racial and ethnic groups.

• Health: American Indian and Alaska Natives have higher mortality rates than other Americans for several conditions including chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (368 percent higher), diabetes mellitus (177 percent higher), unintentional injuries (138 percent higher), and chronic lower respiratory diseases (59 percent higher [Indian Health Services 2014]).

The need for long-term services and supports, based on the health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives, can best be demonstrated by the following:

• • Bathing: Twenty-two percent of American Indians age 65 and over require assistance as compared with 11 percent of the general population.
  • Dressing: Fourteen percent of American Indians age 65 and over require assistance as compared with 5 percent of the general population.
  • Eating: Ten percent of American Indians age 65 and over require assistance as compared to 3 percent of the general population.
  • Getting In/Out of Bed: Fifteen percent of American Indians age 65 and over require assistance as compared with 6 percent of the general population.
  • Walking: Thirty-two percent of American Indians age 65 and over require assistance as compared to 10 percent of the general population.

• Income Disparities: American Indian and Alaska Native elders experience significant income disparities from the general population (AARP Research Report 2015-08).
  • Twice the percentage of older American Indians and Alaska Natives live below poverty as compared to the general population.
  • Among American Indian and Alaska Natives ages 50 to 64, 54 percent are employed as compared to 66 percent of the general population. Forty percent of American Indian and Alaska Natives ages 50 to 64 are not in the labor force as compared to 30 percent of the general population.
  • The mean total personal annual income for American Indian and Alaska Native elders age 50 and above is approximately $10,000 less than that of the same age of the general population, which equates to 25 percent lower income than the general population.

• Caregivers: In recent studies by AARP and the University of Washington, it is estimated that among the general population, one in five older adults are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia.

Among the elder Indian population in southern California, research found that one in three elder Indians were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. When extrapolated to the 300,000 Indian population, it is estimated that 100,000 (using the one in three finding) are diagnosed with this disease (or, using the one in five statistics, 60,000 Indian elderly diagnosed with this disease).

This population will require intensive and specialized care as the disease progresses. Currently, caregivers are family members who are untrained to provide this level of care. Additionally, this will undoubtedly put a strain on the caregiver, the family and the community mentally, physically and financially.

• Administration for Community Living/Administration on Aging (ACL/AOA): In the past two months, the Administration has reassigned ACL/AOA staff to its central office in Washington, D.C. This will have a major impact on the timely receipt of training and technical assistance needed by Older American Act Title VI grantees in Indian Country.

Federal agencies are required to consult with Indian tribes on any action that would have an impact on their programs and this requirement is an acknowledgment of the unique “government-to-government” relationship that tribes have with the federal government. No tribe was consulted about the realignment.

NICOA’s Recommendations for OAA Reauthorization

The issues, concerns and needs of the nation’s tribal elders are great and immense. As dire as they are today, they will increase exponentially over the next decade. NICOA intends to be at the forefront of these issues and provide recommendations for interventions.

As a result, NICOA believes that with the reauthorization of the Older Americans Act (OAA) this year, the Act needs to be amended to ensure that timely and appropriate services are available Indian communities and tribal elders. Our recommendations for amendments are as follows:

OAA Recommended Amendments:

1. Increased Funding for Title VI: Funding should ensure that tribes receiving Title VI funds maintain funding levels that will guarantee services are delivered and at 1.5 times the inflation rate, as costs are higher on tribal lands. Requested Appropriation, Title VI, Subsection A: $42 million (increase of $10 million).
2. Fully Fund Title VII (B): This title and subsection has never been funded, and with the increasing incidence of elderly abuse, fraud and neglect in Indian communities, this a need that must be addressed. Requested Appropriation: $10 million (increase of $10 million).
3. Elevate the Director of The Office for American Indian, Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian Programs to Assistant Secretary of American Indian and Alaskan Native Elders: This is a recommendation that has been submitted over the last 40 years during each reauthorization to no avail. The elevation of this office to Assistant Secretary is a recognition and importance of the unique government-to-government relationship between Indian tribes and the U.S. government.
4. Move Title V (SCSEP) “Set Aside” Funds to Title VI: The “set asides” is an implicit acknowledgment of the unique government-to-government relationship enjoyed by tribes. It would consolidate elder programs for Indians in one office rather than fragmented among several federal agencies. Request: Total American Indian “set asides” by moving program from Department of Labor to Administration on Aging, amending OAA Title VI by adding a new Subsection D.
5. Increase Funding for Caregiver Programs: It is estimated by some studies that one in five elders will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. In 2018, there were over six million diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, requiring caregiver support equaling 18 billion hours. If one in five American Indian elders suffer from Alzheimer’s disease or dementia (assuming national rates are the same in Indian Country), that number today is 61,800. Requested Appropriation, Title VI, Subsection C: $20 million (increase of $10 million).
6. Implement and Establish White House Conference on Indian Aging: A recommendation for over 40 years from tribal elders and tribal officials. It is a meeting that recognizes the federal trust responsibility and is equal to a national tribal consultation between Indian elders and the U.S. government.